Historical Data & Archives - Frontier Signals

Historical Data Archives

Earthquakes - Volcanoes - Solar Activity - Charts

Solar History

Verified DONKI M- and X-class flare history, HSS context, tables, and graphs.

Open Solar History

Earthquake History

Regional multi-agency catalog search with magnitude bands and deep-event tracking.

Open Earthquake History

Volcano History

Smithsonian eruption statistics plus monitoring, ash, and weekly-report resources.

Open Volcano History

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Historical Solar Data

Last Solar Cycles Comparison

This chart compares the current solar cycle activity with the last few solar cycles.

Image from Solen.info

Solar flare and coronal hole propagation data is loaded from NASA DONKI as far back as the public DONKI event API supports, beginning in 2010. X flares, M flares, and high-speed streams from coronal holes are summarized by month below.

Start Date End Date Graph Interval Monthly

Note: NASA DONKI data can take a while to load for long date ranges, especially multi-year searches.

Space weather data has not been loaded yet.

Monthly Solar Flares and Coronal Hole Propagation
Period	X Flares	M Flares	Coronal Hole HSS	Total Events

Recent Matching Space Weather Events
Date	Type	Class	Source Region	Linked CME	Source

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Historical Earthquake Data

This section combines the existing USGS historical summaries with live regional catalog searches. The regional tool queries USGS, EMSC, and ISC feeds, normalizes the records, and removes likely duplicate events before table and chart rendering.

Past Earthquakes Year By Year

Global Earthquake Summary (2015–2025)

USGS FDSN catalog counts, verified 29 Aug 2026. Earthquakes only; UTC calendar years.
Year	2.5+ Earthquakes	0.0–2.4 Tremors	TOTAL
2015	26,778	93,158	119,936
2016	25,040	93,672	118,712
2017	22,618	104,850	127,468
2018	41,154	139,333	180,487
2019	26,482	151,160	177,642
2020	32,037	157,427	189,464
2021	28,607	126,272	154,879
2022	26,670	114,483	141,153
2023	27,039	112,856	139,895
2024	24,954	113,304	138,258
2025	28,957	98,652	127,609

M2.5+ earthquakes at 400 km depth or deeper, 2015–2025

USGS FDSN catalog counts, verified 29 Aug 2026. Earthquakes only; UTC calendar years.
Year	2.5+ (400km+ Depth)
2015	1,008
2016	1,048
2017	981
2018	1,407
2019	1,031
2020	1,072
2021	1,077
2022	1,095
2023	1,098
2024	1,034
2025	953

Region Start Date End Date Min Magnitude Catalog

Note: Multi-agency earthquake searches can take a while to load depending on region, magnitude threshold, and date range.

Regional earthquake data has not been loaded yet.

Deduplicated Multi-Agency Earthquake Events
Time	Magnitude	Depth km	Location	Latitude	Longitude	Agencies

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Historical Volcano Data

The annual Smithsonian table is a useful long-term baseline, but it should be read alongside alert-level changes, weekly activity reports, ash advisories, and monitoring observations.

Weekly Activity Archive

Search Smithsonian/USGS weekly reports by date or volcano from November 2000 onward.

Open Weekly Reports

USGS Volcano Alerts

Current elevated U.S. volcanoes, observatory notices, alert levels, and CAP data.

Open USGS Volcano API

Volcanic Ash Advisories

Plume location, altitude, forecast movement, and advisory history from the worldwide VAAC network.

Find a VAAC

NASA Global Volcanism

Satellite-observed eruption and ash context through NASA Earth Observatory and related Earthdata products.

Open NASA Volcanoes

Historical Eruption Explorer

Filter the Smithsonian annual series. Results update the table, summary, and focused chart without changing the source values.

From year Through year Minimum VEI group Minimum active volcanoes

Alert-level timeline

Current notices: Query the USGS HANS feed for elevated U.S. volcanoes and each volcano's newest notice.
Historical context: Compare notice changes with Smithsonian weekly and Bulletin reports.

View Current USGS Alerts

Weekly report frequency

The weekly archive starts in November 2000. Report frequency measures notable reporting activity—not the number of eruptions.

Search Weekly Archive

Ash-plume history

Use VAAC advisories to compare plume altitude, direction, and duration. An ash advisory is an aviation product and is not a VEI measurement.

Open VAAC Network

Monitoring coverage

Annual-table span: 1960–2025. Detection and reporting capability varies substantially by country, era, remoteness, eruption size, and monitoring network.

Interpretation warning: “No report” does not mean “no unrest.” Historical counts are affected by changing observation technology and reporting practices, especially for remote and submarine volcanoes.

Volcanic Eruptions Year By Year

https://volcano.si.edu/faq/index.cfm?question=eruptionsbyyear

Table from that source has been recreated line for line for ease of use below.
Global Volcanism Program, 2025. [Database] Volcanoes of the World (v. 5.3.4; 30 Dec 2025).
Distributed by Smithsonian Institution, compiled by Venzke, E.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW5-2025.5.3

Year	Eruptions Started (New)	Eruptions Ended	Eruptions Total	Volcanoes Active	Countries	VEI <= 2	VEI 3	VEI 4	VEI 5	VEI 6
2025	29	26	71	63	27	29	0	0	0	0
2024	31	31	73	65	28	28	2	1	0	0
2023	27	33	75	71	28	23	4	0	0	0
2022	35	37	85	80	28	33	2	0	0	0
2021	34	32	82	76	30	31	1	1	1	0
2020	26	24	72	68	29	20	4	2	0	0
2019	28	30	76	73	28	22	3	3	0	0
2018	39	33	81	76	28	32	6	1	0	0
2017	33	33	75	71	29	26	6	1	0	0
2016	36	44	86	75	28	30	6	0	0	0
2015	43	39	89	82	31	35	6	2	0	0
2014	41	33	79	71	31	30	8	3	0	0
2013	37	42	80	73	29	29	7	1	0	0
2012	41	38	81	72	27	36	5	0	0	0
2011	36	36	76	71	28	31	2	2	1	0
2010	33	37	77	69	24	21	10	2	0	0
2009	31	31	75	68	25	28	2	1	0	0
2008	45	39	86	80	28	36	6	3	0	0
2007	36	38	81	76	29	30	6	0	0	0
2006	44	41	86	76	29	39	4	1	0	0
2005	46	38	83	75	28	39	7	0	0	0
2004	49	43	81	71	27	41	7	1	0	0
2003	28	31	64	62	25	24	4	0	0	0
2002	41	35	74	66	25	36	3	2	0	0
2001	33	36	70	65	26	27	6	0	0	0
2000	39	38	75	67	29	34	4	1	0	0
1999	39	32	70	67	26	34	4	1	0	0
1998	32	23	59	56	24	27	5	0	0	0
1997	25	25	55	51	23	21	4	0	0	0
1996	35	26	61	59	23	29	6	0	0	0
1995	33	36	65	62	29	29	4	0	0	0
1994	33	27	62	58	22	28	4	1	0	0
1993	27	28	60	58	24	25	1	1	0	0
1992	27	25	61	57	24	24	2	1	0	0
1991	37	30	67	65	27	31	4	0	1	1
1990	30	27	60	56	22	23	6	1	0	0
1989	25	27	57	55	24	23	2	0	0	0
1988	27	30	64	62	24	23	4	0	0	0
1987	32	26	64	62	23	29	3	0	0	0
1986	41	38	75	67	28	32	6	3	0	0
1985	27	25	60	54	25	22	5	0	0	0
1984	33	29	64	59	23	28	5	0	0	0
1983	32	24	58	55	20	25	6	1	0	0
1982	32	35	64	59	22	27	3	1	1	0
1981	29	24	60	56	24	22	5	2	0	0
1980	40	37	73	67	25	30	9	0	1	0
1979	32	24	65	60	22	28	4	0	0	0
1978	25	22	58	56	22	23	2	0	0	0
1977	39	35	73	65	26	35	4	0	0	0
1976	29	23	61	56	23	27	1	1	0	0
1975	23	16	52	49	22	21	1	1	0	0
1974	27	32	64	60	19	22	4	1	0	0
1973	41	29	69	65	21	35	5	1	0	0
1972	29	21	54	52	22	24	5	0	0	0
1971	32	28	56	53	20	27	5	0	0	0
1970	34	25	57	55	23	28	6	0	0	0
1969	32	29	57	54	22	30	2	0	0	0
1968	32	29	58	54	22	24	7	1	0	0
1967	43	31	66	61	24	37	6	0	0	0
1966	35	32	63	60	23	24	9	2	0	0
1965	34	27	60	56	24	27	6	1	0	0
1964	29	29	58	54	21	27	1	1	0	0
1963	40	27	64	58	20	31	8	0	1	0
1962	29	21	52	51	17	24	5	0	0	0
1961	32	25	56	52	21	27	5	0	0	0
1960	35	18	58	56	20	26	9	0	0	0